The Papers of Jefferson Davis At home, fellow-citizens, you best know whether we have done well or ill. the suppression of unnecessary offices, of useless establishments and expences, enabled us to discontinue our internal taxes. with which should we be most likely to live in harmony and friendly intercourse? This speech was intended to promote brotherhood amongst the North and South, and he claimed that most individuals on both sides would have preferred a peaceful outcome. Phone: (713) 348-2586 The confidence of the most hopeful among us must have been destroyed by the disregard they have recently exhibited for all the time-honored bulwarks of civil and religious liberty. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. Therefore we are in arms to renew such sacrifices as our fathers made to the holy cause of constitutional liberty. After a series of successes and victories, which covered our arms with glory, we have recently met with serious disasters. my conscience tells me I have, on every occasion acted up to that declaration, according to its obvious import, and to the understanding of every candid mind. Our people have rallied with unexampled unanimity to the support of the great principles of constitutional government, with firm resolve to perpetuate by arms the right which they could not peacefully secure. In a later reading of the marks, Jay Fliegelman instead asserted that, based on the placement and appearance of the markings, they represented not accented syllables but rhythmical pauses of emphatical stress used to divide the piece into units comparable to musical bars or poetic lines (Julian P. Boyd, The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original,, The marks are nearly identical to those recommended by Irish actor, speaker, and rhetorician Thomas Sheridan, whom Jefferson occasionally recommended to young scholars seeking reading lists. When a long course of class legislation, directed not to the general welfare, but to the aggrandizement of the Northern section of the Union, culminated in a warfare on the domestic institutions of the Southern States--when the dogmas of a sectional party, substituted for the provisions of the constitutional compact, threatened to destroy the sovereign rights of the States, six of those States, withdrawing from the Union, confederated together to exercise the right and perform the duty of instituting a Government which would better secure the liberties for the preservation of which that Union was established. Upon the first call the men flew to arms, and wifes and mothers send their husbands and sons to battle without a murmur of regret. By the character of their productions they are too deeply interested in foreign commerce wantonly to disturb it. At the darkest hour of our struggle the Provisional gives place to the Permanent Government. we are firmly convinced and we act on that conviction, that with nations, as with individuals, our interests, soundly calculated, will ever be found inseparable from our moral duties. When he started is not known, as he did not put dates on any of the surviving draft fragments. Contemplating the union of sentiment now manifested so generally, as auguring harmony & happiness to our future course, I offer to our country sincere congratulations. He told the crowd, 'I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists.' The tyranny of an unbridled majority, the most odious and least responsible form of despotism, has denied us both the right and the remedy. We have neither asked nor received assistance from any quarter. The period is near at hand when our foes must sink under the immense load of debt which they have incurred, a debt which in their effort to subjugate us has already attained such fearful dimensions as will subject them to burdens which must continue to oppress them for generations to come. Well, Lincoln disagreed. Many were incorporated into Smiths copy, and others were added to both copies via editorial marks. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. In February of 1861, just two months before the official start of the Civil War, Jefferson Davis delivered his inaugural address to the Confederacy as its new leader. Summary In his first Inaugural Address as "Chief Executive" of the Confederate States, Davis justifies secession by asserting the rights of sovereign states to govern themselves, particularly with regards to economics and defense, and argues that the United States Constitution no longer functions as a document for all people as it was intended. Therefore we are in arms to renew such sacrifices as our fathers made to the holy cause of constitutional liberty. In their various addresses to the nation, they articulated their views on the role of the union, government, and liberties of the people. How to Reach Us The Papers of Jefferson Davis Rice University--MS 215 P.O. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 - December 6, 1889) was an American military officer, statesman, and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, serving as the President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865. Rice University--MS 215 By the character of their productions they are too deeply interested in foreign commerce wantonly to disturb it. In his opinion, the country's power rested in the individual states, and not in a strong central government. In his Second Inaugural Address, President Abraham Lincoln addressed the topic of the Civil War and argued that the nation needed to change. By 17 Apr., shortly after the address had reached the frontier of the United States in Louisiana, the London. | 22 Although each president claimed to prefer peace to war, Lincoln maintained a clear message of brotherhood and unity in his speeches. endowed with the faculties & the rights of men, breathing an ardent love of liberty and independance, & occupying a country which left them no desire but to be undisturbed, the stream of overflowing population from other regions directed itself on these shores. Here are some of the main points from his address: Unity: Jefferson emphasized the importance of unity and national harmony, stating that "every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle." James Buchanan Democratic Party Abraham Lincoln Republican Party Jefferson Davis*** Democratic Party Andrew Johnson Republican Party Ulysses S. Grant Republican Party. that our wish, as well as theirs, is, that the public efforts may be directed honestly to the public good: that peace be cultivated, civil & religious liberty unassailed, law & order preserved, equality of rights maintained, & that state of property, equal or unequal, which results to every man from his own industry, or that of his fathers. 10:498n). Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Instances of self-sacrifice and of generous devotion to the noble cause for which we are contending are rife throughout the land. Senator Jefferson Davis took to a podium for his presidential inaugural and gave an impassioned speech about the Constitution. and when the constitution called them to the decision by suffrage, they pronounced their verdict, honorable to those who had served them, and consolatory to the friend of man, who believes that he may be trusted with the controul of his own affairs. Boyd interpreted the marks as indicators for accented syllables and emphasis in reading, similar to linguistic accents that Jefferson had pondered in his 1786 essay on English prosody (see Vol. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher, except for reading and browsing via the World Wide Web. To save ourselves from a revolution which, in its silent but rapid progress, was about to place us under the despotism of numbers, and to preserve in spirit, as well as in form, a system of government we believed to be peculiarly fitted to our condition, and full of promise for mankind, we determined to make a new association, composed of States homogeneous in interest, in policy, and in feeling. Jefferson had apparently owned a copy of Sheridans 1762, While Sheridan outlined the necessity of pauses in the earlier work, he detailed the mark-up system in his 1775. War will then be but a suspension of useful works; & a return to a state of peace a return to the progress of improvement. Women in the Civil War: Facts & Roles | How Did the Civil War Affect Women? But every difference of . Jack Shorter, an enslaved stable hand at the Presidents House, may have been the groom. he who has time renders a service to public morals, & public tranquility, in reforming these abuses by the salutary coercions of the law. it is due to the zeal & wisdom of the characters thus selected, who lay the foundations of public happiness in wholsome laws, the execution of which alone remains for others. But now he shifted his focus from preserving the union to restoring it. The people of the States now confederated became convinced that the Government of the United States had fallen into the hands of a sectinal majority, who would pervert that most sacred of all trusts to the destruction of the rights which it was pledged to protect. It is not an authoritative final version. Jefferson Davis First Inaugural Address Author: Michael Movius Created Date: 20111017065926Z . Before noon on Monday, the 4th of March, Jefferson mounted his horseprobably Wildair, his prized bay saddle horseand rode the mile and a half up Pennsylvania Avenue from the Presidents House to the Capitol. In what was probably Lincoln's most famous speech, the Gettysburg Address of 1863, he delivered a solemn message after a battle in which approximately 50,000 soldiers died. Lincoln's second inaugural address: described the Civil War as divine punishment. Which of the following is true of Jefferson Davis and his governing? but public duties more urgent press on the time of public servants and the offenders have therefore been left to find their punishment in the public indignation. Among the observers in the gallery was the outgoing vice president, Aaron Burr, who had been dropped from the ticket for Jeffersons second term. [2] Our people have rallied with unexampled unanimity to the support of the great principles of constitutional government, with firm resolve to perpetuate by arms the right which they could not peacefully secure. In his address, he did not embrace the North's demands for a reunion of states, which he described as 'neither practicable nor desirable.' Yet the interest involved is not wholly our own. if, among these taxes, some minor ones fall, which had not been inconvenient, it was because their amount would not have paid the officers who collected them: and because if they had any merit, the state-authorities might adopt them instead of others less approved. Through this instrumentality, under the favor of Divine Providence, we hope to perpetuate the principles of our revolutionary fathers. Copyright 2023 Political Rhetoric Archive & Dr. Beth Huber | Powered by Critical Hit Development. succeed. The world at large is concerned in opening our markets to its commerce. P.O. We cannot remove our respective sections from each other.' Our confederate strength will be too great to tempt aggression; and never was there a people whose interests and principles committed them so fully to a peaceful policy as those of the Confederate States. they gathered around their public functionaries. William Plumer accused Jefferson of hypocrisy: his Conscience tells him he has on every occasion acted up to the declaration contained in his former inaugural speech. But we knew the value of the object for which we struggled, and understood the nature of the war in which we were engaged. He directed his words at convincing them that he was not their enemy, but a friend. No inference is here intended that the laws provided by the states against false & defamatory publications, should not be enforced. He even compared the Confederacy's fight to defend its way of life as a revolutionary act, similar to how the colonies rebelled against the control of Great Britain back in the Revolutionary War. President Lincoln also referred back to his first inauguration and reflected on the instability of the government at that time. Another piece from his drafting of the second inaugural address is on the same sheet as fragments of text from Jefferson's early drafting of his first and third annual messages to Congress in 1801 and 1803 ( Document II ). Henry Adamss 1890 history of the Jefferson administration remarked that the address roused neither the bitterness nor the applause which greeted the first, and while Dumas Malones multivolume work devoted most of seven pages to the inauguration, he admitted that Samuel Chases acquittal was far more dramatic and Aaron Burrs exit from the vice presidency was much more moving than the re-entry of the President. Jon Meacham tackled Jeffersons second inauguration in less than a page. the address took final form. Cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, provisions, timber, and naval stores will furnish attractive exchanges. But the Government at Washington, denying our right to self-government, refused even to listen to any proposals for a peaceful separation. now reduced within limits too narrow for the hunter-state, humanity enjoins us to teach them agriculture & the domestic arts; to encourage them to that industry which alone can enable them to maintain their place in existence, & to prepare them in time for that state of society, which to bodily comforts adds the improvement of the mind & morals. Archives. Citizens of the Confederate States of America. 1862 (and Washington's birthday), Davis gave a second inaugural address, after winning an election under . in time of war, if injustice by ourselves or others must sometimes produce war, increased as the same revenue will be by increased population & consumption, & aided by other resources reserved for that crisis, it may meet within the year all the expences of the year, without encroaching on the rights of future generations by burthening them with the debts of the past. In 1862, he added emancipation, finding it a military necessity. Lincoln still passionately believed that the union was worth fighting for and assured Americans that the soldiers who died at the Battle of Gettysburg 'shall not have died in vain.' While the war had started favorably for the Confederate States, the first several weeks of 1862 found the North was winning all the battles. On finishing the address, Jefferson kissed the Bible, swore the oath of office administered by Chief Justice John Marshall, and bowed. Jefferson Davis stated that a "disparaging discrimination" and a fight for "liberty" against "the tyranny of an unbridled majority" gave the . The blockade, if effectual and permanent, could only serve to divert our industry from the production of articles for export and employ it in supplying the commodities for domestic use. Although perhaps not as famous as Lincoln, Jefferson Davis' words still play an important role in American history. His reelection proved that the majority of American citizens supported the administrations actions and remained immune to licentious printers influence. Our Confederacy has grown from six to thirteen States; and Maryland, already united to us by hallowed memories and material interests, will, I believe, when able to speak with unstifled voice, connect her destiny with the South. Jeffersons painstaking work in preparing the reading copy was worthwhile in allowing him to put the full text of the speech on the two faces of the single sheet. With confidence in the wisdom and virtue of those who will share with me the responsibility and aid me in the conduct of public affairs; securely relying on the patriotism and courage of the people, of which the present war has furnished so many examples, I deeply feel the weight of the responsibilities I now, with unaffected diffidence, am about to assume; and, fully realizing the inequality of human power to guide and to sustain, my hope is reverently fixed on Him whose favor is ever vouchsafed to the cause which is just. Nothing was then left to do but to prepare for war. they saw the latent source from which these outrages proceeded. 'The union of these states is perpetual,' or permanent, he declared. and it is due to the able and faithful auxiliaries, whose patriotism has associated them with me in the executive functions. Julian Boyd linked the markings on that early version of the Declaration to the marks present in this reading script. The tyranny of an unbridled majority, the most odious and least responsible form of despotism, has denied us both the right and the remedy. these abuses of an institution, so important to freedom and science, are deeply to be regretted, inasmuch as they tend to lessen its usefulness and to sap its safety. War of conquest they cannot wage, because the Constitution of their Confederacy admits of no coerced association. The president, who affects great plainness of dress and manners, was dressed all in black, including silk stockings, and was attended by his secretary and groom. The secretary was Isaac A. Coles, the young Virginian from Albemarle County who, since December, had been filling in for William A. Burwell as Jeffersons private secretary. The Aboriginal inhabitants of these countries I have regarded with the commiseration their history inspires. Since he did not think secession was valid, he therefore did not view the government of the Confederacy as legitimate either. For example, the Confederacy had an executive branch modeled on the U.S.'s, which was in charge of a postal service, making foreign trades, and overseeing the military. Summarized in The Papers of Jefferson Davis, Volume 8, p. 55. On the topics of liberty and equality his message was clear: he did not want to abolish slavery in the South. He described how it is 'the right of the people to alter or abolish' (get rid of) the government at will 'whenever they become destructive of the ends for which they were established.' and in any view, is it not better that the opposite bank of the Missisipi should be settled by our own brethren & children than by strangers of another family? the experiment has been tried. They believed that to remain longer in the Union would subject them to a continuance of a disparaging discrimination, submission to which would be inconsistent with their welfare, and intolerable to a proud people. This great strife has awakened in the people the highest emotions and qualities of the human soul. Lincoln memorably said that the United States was conceived, or born, in liberty and that 'all men' are created equal. Absent from the scene were some members of Congress who had left for home after the close of the session the previous day (Augustus Foster to Frederick Foster, 1 July 1805, in Vere Foster, ed., To deliver his inaugural address, Jefferson had prepared a special reading copy that is unlike any other document in his papers (see. Augustus John Foster, the 24-year-old secretary of the British legation in Washington, left a record of the details he observed on that day. Transcribed from Dunbar Rowland, ed., Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, Volume 5, pp. The recollections of this great contest, with all its common traditions of glory, of sacrifice and blood, will be the bond of harmony and enduring affection amongst the people, producing unity in policy, fraternity in sentiment, and just effort in war. Through its grants program, the NHPRC supports a wide range of activities to but who can limit the extent to which the federative principle may operate effectively? Soon to come: Gettysburg . That we are to escape them in future is not to be hoped. Note: this link will eventually disappear! It is cultivating feelings of patriotism, virtue, and courage. facts are piercing through the veil drawn over them: & our doubting brethren will at length see that the mass of their fellow citizens, with whom they cannot yet resolve to act, as to principles & measures, think as they think, & desire what they desire. In Jefferson Davis' inaugural address, he made it clear that he intended to separate from the North and give rights to slave owners. Learn more about Davis' views and how they differed from those expressed by Abraham Lincoln in his public address. The reading is in the pictures below the answer must be at least 250 words and include a quote from the reading. Sheridan had turned from acting to a career of public lectures and writing in 1756, becoming a key driver of an elocutionary movement that centered performance at the heart of all public speaking. 1805], Reading Copy of Second Inaugural Address, [before 4 Mch. Three weeks later, Abraham Lincoln did likewise, to much different results. these contributions enable us to support the current expences of the government, to fulfill contracts with foreign nations, to extinguish the native right of soil within our limits, to extend those limits, & to apply such a surplus to our public debts, as places at a short day their final redemption. They therefore determined to sever its bonds and establish a new Confederacy for themselves. An error occurred trying to load this video. He was well known for his highly disciplined acting preparation, which informed his later works on elocution, speaking, education, and the English language. In the transaction of your foreign affairs, we have endeavored to cultivate the friendship of all nations, & especially of those with which we have the most important relations. As you know, Lincoln's first inaugural address did not stop the Civil War from breaking out and dividing the rest of the country between the North and South. I highly recommend you use this site! but that extension may possibly pay for itself, before we are called on, & in the mean time may keep down the accruing interest: in all events it will replace the advances we shall have made. But the Government at Washington, denying our right to self-government, refused even to listen to any proposals for a peaceful separation. At the Capitol, a mixed assemblage of Senators, Populace, Representatives, and ladies gathered in the Senate chamber. Jefferson asked for comments from Robert Smith on 14 Feb., and received a second set of notes from Madison on the 21st. 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