Cities should consider the following areas: Collectively, these assessments will help cities to produce a prioritized list of levers for implementation. Norton Francis and Frank Sammartino (2015). Development which is a necessity in every society can be achieved to a great extent with adequate resources. xo
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/Contents 62 0 R /F5 40 0 R What tax changes did the Affordable Care Act make? New York, Scribner Press in Institute of Management and Leadership Professional Nigeria (2012). endobj simply because of poor finances arising from ade8uate revenue generation drive. /XObject << >> Form 2, or on the appropriate line on Nebraska and Local Sales and Use Tax Return, Form 10 . Why do low-income families use tax preparers? <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
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/Meta44 31 0 R /Image87 74 0 R McKinsey_Website_Accessibility@mckinsey.com. What is the history of the federal budget process? /Type /Page Part of Springer Nature. What is the difference between carryover basis and a step-up in basis?
For example, revenue KPIs could include the annual increase in revenue per lever, while nonrevenue KPIs could define targets for each lever and its corresponding interventions, such as the annual increase in the number of violations detected. Two Decades in Effect: Volume-Based Waste Fee System in South Korea, Ministry of Environment, South Korea, January 2016. 10 0 obj (eds) The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria. R[? A limited number of charges and taxes ensures higher social acceptance and minimal collection leakage. 2 0 obj
Miscellaneous sources, such as special assessments, provided 7 percent of state general revenue. stream
What would and would not be taxed under a broad-based income tax? Unlocking the full potential of city revenues. /Group << What does it mean for a government program to be off-budget? 5366 0 obj<>stream
/F1 20 0 R /Image8 18 0 R /Parent 2 0 R endobj
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/Type /Group /Image8 18 0 R The following steps provide a structured process for cities to determine a tailored and effective solution, taking into account the distinctive characteristics of each city. >> The challenge is identifying and prioritizing the opportunities that will have the greatest impact and are relatively feasible. <>stream
5. Local governments collected $1.9 trillion in general revenues in 2019. Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. Cities could also revise their pricing models by using differentiating factors specific to each revenue lever. /F2 83 0 R /ExtGState << A review of revenue generation in Nigeria local government: A case study of Ekiti State. 1 0 obj
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Tax is however, a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies for various legitimate functions of the state (Olaoye, 2008). Uhunmwuangho, S. O., & Aibieyi, S. (2013, July). Sales taxes (general and selective) provided local governments $124 billion (7 percent of general revenue) and individual income taxes accounted for $33 billion (2 percent). What are the sources of revenue for local governments? How do taxes affect the economy in the short run? 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0-
@8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 What is the Medicare trust fund, and how is it financed? . /Type /Group How did the TCJA affect tax expenditures? /XObject << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 10 0 obj
/Pages 2 0 R /F4 85 0 R How would the tax system need to change with return-free filing? Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. x\KF+BGPpF^H bCfz(a11mGVV_faw1^o|mew5t'7=^$MDDRYTR7*::'W{o7/jBl\~?vM/ These fines would promote environmentally responsible behavior as well as create a viable revenue stream for the city. To guide price hikes, cities could use benchmarks to determine the acceptable range. /Meta63 59 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] Cities should then establish a revenue committee that adopts a strategic perspective to assess the impact of revenue levers and understand the interlocking factors. The rapid urbanization of the worlds population is well under way. What are the major options for comprehensive tax reform? Innovation is poverty reduction: The role of local government. Create new revenue streams. /Font << What tax incentives exist to help families save for education expenses? What are the major federal excise taxes, and how much money do they raise? /Tabs /S /F1 20 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB >> Social acceptance. The percentage fell to a low of 8.0 percent in 1984 and peaked at 9.9 percent in 2009. Fajobi, O. F. (2010). 4
>> Three local government officials were also interviewed. Municipalities raise revenues by charging for services such as public parking, toll roads, waste management, and building permits, among others. Areas to be assessed may include the following metrics: Ease of implementation. /Annots [86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R] When the State increased the income tax rate in 2011 it did not share the increased revenues with local governments. =s`Eu00Fu@dH*e&PtD\
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B#L2]\m Lack of proper provision and maintenance of social amenities, lack of well-trained staff especially revenue staff and so on are some of the results of lack of proper funding of local government in Nigeria. endobj Taxes accounted for 42 percent of local general revenue in 2017. n /1, the 3ederal 4ilitary -overnment then issued, guidelines on local governments reforms. 12 0 obj 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. Catawba Publishing Company. /Type /Page /Tabs /S For instance, some cities have implemented a refundable deposit for beverage containers to encourage recycling or sought to enhance public safety by issuing speeding tickets to motorists. >> Accessed 18 July 2016. How do phaseouts of tax provisions affect taxpayers? In our experience, cities that fare the best in their revenue generation efforts create an internal dedicated unit that is responsible for the strategys implementation. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04]
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US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. /ModDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') Subscribed to {PRACTICE_NAME} email alerts. /XObject << Governments, with input from citizens, must decide how to manage risks 3. What options would increase federal revenues? How Could We Improve the Federal Tax System? What are automatic stabilizers and how do they work? Taxes, fees, and user charges are considered "own-source" revenue. Cities that successfully cultivate a mixture of actions can dramatically improve their fiscal health and improve services for their residents. 3 0 obj Thus, the 'ocal government cannot embar$, execute, and possibly carryout the maintenance of these pro%ects and other responsibilities, This is the basic reason #hy development is s$eletal at some 'ocal -overnment, councils in Nigeria. %
/Contents 80 0 R . %%EOF
/Resources << >> Beyond central government funding, the primary revenue streams for municipal governments are service fees, fines, taxes, and assets such as buildings and properties.
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/StructParents 3 The final 32 percent of state general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. /F9 55 0 R /Meta57 46 0 R All dates in sections about revenue reference the fiscal year unless stated otherwise. /F5 40 0 R How did the TCJA change the standard deduction and itemized deductions? What are state balanced budget requirements and how do they work? /Meta56 45 0 R What is the Canadian experience with a VAT? Most cities have yet to unlock the full potential of their existing revenue sources, let alone tap into new streams. /F6 41 0 R Nchuchuwe, F. F. Local government finance in Nigeria in Olojede, I., Fajonyomi, B., & Fatile, J. >> /Tabs /S How do state and local severance taxes work? Who benefits from the deduction for charitable contributions? What tax incentives encourage alternatives to fossil fuels? Strategic control and revenue generation: A critical success factor in local government using the balanced scorecard. /Group << Gkq;T$iH5p6m&C~W]'%Yv$Jq * Olaoye, C. O., Taiwo, O.
Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions, Khaleej Times, January 30, 2018, khaleejtimes.com. /F5 40 0 R 0000000016 00000 n
What are defined contribution retirement plans? Local government and finance in Nigeria in state and local government in Nigeria: The changing scene. Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. And these sources tend to be far from optimized: local governments are often unaware of how to get more from existing sources and lack the resources to mount such efforts. Babcock University Press. Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, and individual authors, 2022. In 2019, 4 percent of local government general revenue came directly from the federal government (e.g., federal funds for local transportation projects) and 31 percent came from state governments (the numbers do not sum to the total share from intergovernmental transfers because of rounding). This need underscores the eagerness on the part of state and local governments and even the federal government to look for Filipatali, T. (2013). Hassan, M. M. (2011). >> /Resources << 15 0 obj
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How does the availability of tax-favored retirement saving affect national saving? <>
Local governments include county governments, municipalities, townships, special districts (such as water and sewage authorities), and school districts. 1
How do IRS audits affect low-income families? << Fatile, J., Majekodunmi, A., Oni, A., & Adejuwon, D. (2013). /Group << As such, federal transfers as a share of local general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. \~x2{w6HZpV1 ~eh5u*d*pn1gs9WzfY+W)hh,O`\`k}[rHyU ;18HXS-xep]#2 jAI740-+-=tk3zdSzn*Qv8tC>"mTv{
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LG8D6 %$5 1346-1366. The State's own budgetary issues have put a major strain on local government budgets across Illinois. Since development demands a lot of capital, this study will critically analyze the relationship between local government finance system i.e. Assets can include land monetization (such as land used by telcos for cell towers), appreciating land values, and commercial advertisements in public spaces, public markets, and shopping centers. general sales taxes and gross receipts taxes, Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, federal funds for local transportation projects, Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes, More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies, State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities, Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012, Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances, Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population, Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center, 8 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 2 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 3 percent from other taxes such as a locality'staxes onhotel bookingsandrestaurant meals. Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. /Font << >> "Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments." To establish this dedicated unit, cities could create a cross-functional workforce with representatives from different departments, including finance, planning, property, legislation, and key municipalities. Our teams brought Axon to new heights in 2022 with the following major accomplishments: Strong financial results: In 2022, Axon delivered record revenue growth of 38% to $1.19 . n effective 'ocal -overnment system rests ma%orly on the availability of human, governments development. x]s63|:oNg$8Sw}hKM7?.~Vb@g6v|Y,j]w2_~yv6IDltsLDI%:nCSq251Le,qGO2-y5E
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/Image8 18 0 R /F1 20 0 R Catawba Publishing Company. /Annots [27 0 R 28 0 R] We have found that this effort has led to a year-over-year increase in municipal revenues of 30 percent. (Sources of state general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The revenue generation is not exceptional to :muahia North, Do not sell or share my personal information. (2011). stream
Bundle charges. A 2016 study conducted by the Australia Institute concluded that the Finnish model would yield a 12 percent increase on average in the value of fines issued by five states in Australia. 3 0 obj
<< << endobj The capacity of local government to generate revenue internally is one very crucial consideration for the creation of a local council. Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. Keywords: Local Government, Federalism, Revenue Allocation and Fiscal Federalism 1. Keywords : development, projects, revenue, generation, government. 11 0 obj
As presently contained in the 1999 constitution, local governments receive 20 percent of the federation account. Essentials of management. >> State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate), Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments. State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments.
What would be the effect of a national retail sales tax on economic growth? endstream
14 0 obj What is the effect of a lower tax rate for capital gains? What are health reimbursement arrangements and how do they work? essential social services to the people. /Parent 2 0 R << The largest state and local general own-source funds came from charges and property taxes (both 17 percent), followed by individual income taxes and general sales taxes (both 13 percent),and selective sales taxes (6 percent). 4 0 obj
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<< Optimizing land monetization has the potential to double baseline revenue from income-generating assets. 2. >>
/F3 22 0 R appropriate. /CS /DeviceRGB What tax incentives exist for higher education? Elected officials have four primary revenue sources, each containing multiple levers. Census of Governments, vol. Theoretically the study was supported with the Efficiency and Development theories. One of the MMDAs involved in the use of recent ICTs to assist revenue mobilization is the AMA. /F1 20 0 R >> One strategy that cities have followed is introducing an amnesty program for delinquent parking tickets that waives penalties and additional fines as an incentive for motorists to pay up. >> Through leases, joint ventures, and joint development agreements, municipalities can generate additional income. 2 0 obj How do state and local corporate income taxes work? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /F2 21 0 R /Group << >> Local governments created with administrative and financial autonomy have two sources of revenue (internal and external) to promote development at the grassroot. /Contents 70 0 R endobj
4 0 obj /ExtGState << We'll email you when new articles are published on this topic. %
Agu (2010) examined the . Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from TAX. 9 o"A\|h9MxgZ(wpMk
UN==dN#R. How does the current system of international taxation work? /Resources << AMA is one of the most resourced MMDAs << This preparatory work generally consists of collecting the relevant data and developing the current revenue baseline. Within this larger context, the ability of local governments to successfully and sustainably use revenue powers depends on an appropriate multi-dimensional constitutional/legal/ administrative framework. 2.1.2 Section 81 of the Local Government Act, 1997 (amended) allows Local Government to mobilise revenue in form thof fees and taxes as specified in the 5 schedule. What is the new markets tax credit, and how does it work? >> Tax as a financial charge, is the main source of revenue generation for any government. /Type /Group There is no one route that cities can or should take to boost revenues. 9 0 obj Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), 1(10), 2435. - 185.64.219.103. Charges and taxes. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Download chapter PDF Introduction. Hence the various sources of local government finance have become very crucial in order to foster development at all levels of governance. The final 34 percent of local government general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. Following the clear identification of interventions and opportunities, cities can set priorities based on social acceptance, economic impact, and ease of implementation. /XObject << >> >> istorically, the development of direct taxation in local, government in Nigeria can be traced to the )ritish pre*colonial period under this, Recently the revenue that accrues to local government is derived from t#o broad. Regarding dissipation, figure 4 shows the time series power curtailment of an integrated generation plant without energy storage. What are the sources of revenue for local governments? This unit has several responsibilities. What is carried interest, and how is it taxed? ;nUG]~[ sp!@Q06"NY;k
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(2016). endobj ZY,$85Y4$4p8 xGYX4238. For existing land lease contracts, cities could maximize value through renegotiation or cancellation and retender based on tenant response. Next, cities should perform a thorough gap analysis to define the potential revenue impact for any given stream. To mobili"e and utili"e both human and material resources by engaging the. In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to state governments as part of the CARES Act, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act (part of the December 2020 omnibus bill), and the American Rescue Plan. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] HyTSwoc
[5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w '0 Jb How do state estate and inheritance taxes work? 9 0 obj
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The research instruments used for data collection were questionnaire and interview. Fix the home. Financial management in Nigerian local government. nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G!
/Font << Los Angeles, for example, charges higher fees for expedited permitting and licensing processes. /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /F1 82 0 R 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. /F5 40 0 R Revenue generation as a major source of income for the state government: An empirical analysis of two parastatals. The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. /GS7 17 0 R /GS7 17 0 R
The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0), Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Cities use fines as both a deterrent for behavior at odds with the public goodfor example, the accumulation and nondisposal of garbage or building construction without a temporary fenceand a revenue source. The revenue generated is utilized by states and its functional departments for meeting the expenditures on infrastructure, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health care systems, military . Rakson Nigeria Ltd. Okotoni, O. endobj
X-ray of Local government administration in Nigeria. What criticisms are levied against standard distributional analysis? What policy reforms could simplify the tax code? 0v=.7&YP ?SfqZBEFowu8-RmHaav,Ax5dT# /Meta41 36 0 R !ODL 2}PE^eF}6m 0|A
h%D|k[ How receptive citizens and businesses are to a given intervention in a revenue stream can have significant impact on the interventions long-term viability. Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. /ExtGState <<
What did the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform say about the national retail sales tax? This intervention is typically most applicable to service feesspecifically, utility services such as water, sewage, or electricity. (2006). The reforms #hich gave recognition to, the local level #ere ta$en care of. 4. Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. N')].uJr Abstract and Figures This paper examines trends in local government revenues and current challenges that local governments face in raising revenue. <>stream
What would and would not be taxed under a national retail sales tax? Are the Social Security trust funds real? Todaro, M. P. (2015). Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? /CS /DeviceRGB On what do economists agree and disagree about the effects of taxes on economic growth?
2.1.3 Sections 31 and 32 of the Local Government Financial and Accounting Regulations 2007 Okwori, J., & Sule, A. endobj
/StructParents 5 What are error rates for refundable credits and what causes them? Livingstone, K. (2008). Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. Cover cost to serve where possible. /F1 20 0 R How does the deduction for state and local taxes work? /Meta52 49 0 R Dubai instituted a knowledge dirham, a flat charge that applies to all government services. >> Meanwhile, revenue from sales taxes steadily increased from 5 percent to 7 percent between 1977 to 2017 (figure 2). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in 2016. Please email us at: 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. 2
3.16.1 Introduction. Although local government revenue was about the same relative to gross domestic product in 1977 (8.6 percent) and 2017 (8.7 percent), it has fluctuated over the period (figure 3). In addition, to help gauge the likelihood and tenor of social acceptance prior to forging ahead with implementation, cities could consider conducting a citizen sentiment survey to understand how receptive residents might be to specific changes in fee structures and charges.
In our experience, governments can capture significant valueup to 50 percent of potential additional revenuesby implementing measures linked to effectiveness such as enhancing collections and audit processes or better asset monetization. Introduce innovative fees and charges. /GS31 30 0 R /S /Transparency /CS /DeviceRGB How large are individual income tax incentives for charitable giving?
What are the sources of revenue for state governments? << /Contents 43 0 R /Meta37 37 0 R endobj N Even though what the local government had generated from internal and external sources have impacted the area to an extent, local government finance system i.e. >> /Im2 19 0 R How do flexible spending accounts for health care expenses work? >> What is the difference between a tax-exclusive and tax-inclusive sales tax rate? What are Opportunity Zones and how do they work? endobj
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(2006). The principal aims of creating local governments were as follows: 1. Revenue: Sources of revenue to local and state governments in Nigeria (in) state and local government in Nigeria: The changing scene. >> << What is the size of the opportunity? 203 copies of the questionnaire were administered to staff of Ikorodu local government who were simple randomly selected of which 188 (92.6%) were retrieved while 15 (7.4%) copies were not retrieved. Given state and local tax revenuevolatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the large amount of federal transfers approved by Congress, particularly as part of the American Rescue Plan, these numbers will probably look different for fiscal years 2020 and 2021, but Census has not yet published that data. %PDF-1.5
Last, municipalities could increase revenues by implementing higher fees for faster processing times or better service.
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Learning theories: Their influence on teaching methods. We also look into the future in an. Revenue generation: Its impact on government developmental effort (A study of selected local council in Kogi East senatorial district). ^xQDe^w 83:Ou-5Eb73>#J!D/J& eXd3
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/Meta54 51 0 R 7. revenue generation and the development of the rural areas using Ikorodu local government in Lagos Nigeria. 2 0 obj
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INTRODUCTION Nigeria is a sovereign nation. (&. %PDF-1.5
/Resources << /F3 22 0 R Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. Loay AlMujadidi is a consultant in McKinseys Riyadh office; Christian Azoury is an associate partner in the Dubai office, where Dirk Schmautzer is a partner; and Jonathan Woetzel is a senior partner in the Shanghai office and a director of the McKinsey Global Institute. /Image8 18 0 R Eneanya, A. N. (2012). /StructParents 7 The Nigerian political system is of a federal one which implies that all the three tiers of government should each function to provide good, >> Taxation as a Source of Revenue Generation in Local Governments, Nigeria Authors: Augustine Osho Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti David Adelagun Ajayi Abstract and Figures period of 5years. Theoretically the study was supported with the Efficiency and development theories income to the federal process. 20 percent of local government finance system i.e of creating local governments within the area of Its.! 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