True False
Furthermore, the research hypothesis, which posits a positive relationship between the variables, is also supported. When should you use a factorial ANOVA instead of a simple ANOVA? In ANOVA, you have an interaction effect when: The effect of one independent variable differs based on the level of a second independent variable, If you find that income significantly varies on the basis of gender, you have. If there is almost no difference between what is observed and what is expected, your chi-square value will be _______. a. the observed statistic In the formula for calculating degrees of freedom for a correlation coefficient, what does the n represent? d. .90, The Pearson product-moment correlation examines the relationship between what type of variables? Parallel form is the correlation between scores on different forms. d. A vertical line, If the correlation between two variables was equal to 0, the scatterplot between these two variables would be represented as: d. the critical statistic, 14. 2.97 (e) How to modify the regression so that the new 0 measures the mean value of y when x . What does it mean for lines to be perpendicular or parallel in a plane? b. Correlations having lower absolute values What does the statement rxy 0 represent? \hline .36 c. Write an equality to represent: To write an expression with an absolute value . Select one: a. One-tailed a. null hypothesis b. t statistic c. mean difference d. research hypothesis. The name correlation suggests the relationship between two variables as their Co-relation. a. null hypothesis b. t statistic c. mean difference d. research hypothesis. If your analysis notes that participants in a weight loss study differ in amount of weight lost based on the type of weight loss program used, what type of effect is this called? Regression In we saw that if the scatterplot of Y versus X is football-shaped, it can be summarized well by five numbers: the mean of X, the mean of Y, the standard deviations SD X and SD Y, and the correlation coefficient r XY.Such scatterplots also can be summarized by the regression line, which is introduced in this chapter. A statement of financial position or balance sheet gives a broad overview of a company's financial position considering its assets and liabilities. b. A Pearson. a. Question 13 1 pts Sherry is examining the relationship between variables. a. c. Test statistic What does RXY mean? d. 65, In the equation r(65) = .45, p < .05, what is the obtained value? (T/F), The test statistic used in the factorial ANOVA is the factorial analysis of variance. b. n - 2 - Shows the amount of variance that is explained, shared, or in common (common variance) - Helps to interpret the magnitude of relationships 68% Namely, we knew the mean and the standard deviation of the population. Mean differences a. If you are trying to predict Y scores from X scores, Y is referred to as the, 14. 1. there is no difference between the levels of the first factor The higher the absolute value of the correlation coefficient, c. the more accurate the prediction of one variable from the other. Select one: 25% When the products are more stable than the reactants, Gorxn is negative, and the reaction is exergonic. How many null hypotheses are used in a 2 x 2 factorial ANOVA? Select one: b. a. 16. A 585858-year-old couple are considering opening a business of their own. 1. c. Predictor variable a. number of pairs used to compute the correlation coefficient Negative correlation \begin{array}{lr}\text { Fair value of Centerpoint, Inc. } & \$ 220 \text { million } \\ \text { Fair value of Centerpoint's net assets (excluding goodwill) } & 200 \text { million } \\ \text { Book value of Centerpoint's net assets (including goodwill) } & 250 \text { million }\end{array} What are the eight steps involved when examining a research question? b. Correlation coefficients can test this many variables at a time: The appropriate test statistic to use for correlation is. t test for correlation coefficient null hypo, t test for coorelation coefficient research hypo, h1: p1 (not equal) p2 (not equal) p3 (not equal) p4, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal, The Practice of Statistics for the AP Exam, Daniel S. Yates, Daren S. Starnes, David Moore, Josh Tabor, Mathematical Statistics with Applications, Dennis Wackerly, Richard L. Scheaffer, William Mendenhall, Daniel S. Yates, Daren S. Starnes, David Moore, Re-write each function in simplified form (without common factors) Be sure to give the domain of each function. Calculate estimates of the standard deviations s x, s y of . d. Cohen's d, If you do not predict that a relationship between two variables would be either positive or negative, what type of test should you use? d. 69%, 21. 3. A chi-square is calculated by dividing the total number of _______ by the number of _______. 20. What does the statement rxy = 0 represent? a. X c. Neutral \end{array} calculate the expected value and thereby determine how much the insurance company can make over the long run for each policy that it sells. c. 68% What is another term for a negative correlation? Negative correlation The Gift Shoppe has a continuous income stream with an annual rate of flow at time ttt given by, G(t)=30,000(dollarsperyear)G(t)=30,000 \quad \text { (dollars per year) } Solution for Question 5. month, Dawson engaged in the following transactions: a. Select one: b. Slope of a line ? d. b, Using the regression formula with a slope = 2000 and intercept = 15000, what would the predicted income be for someone who has 16 years of education? Write the number in scientific notation. Which of the following is another use of correlation coefficients. Select one: This brings us to the next analysis, the t test. a. null hypothesis. What can the researcher conclude? Students who participated in a study of the relationship between confidence and college success, with the results r = .78, indicating that 61% of the variance in college success was accounted for by the students' confidence. On April 1, Dawson purchased merchandise on credit for $25,150 with terms 2/10, n/30. c. Prediction c. 45000 The statement rxy not equal to 0 represents the a. null hypothesis b. research hypothesis c. T statistic d. means between two groups are not equal and more. 11. a. n - 1 If a research hypothesis does not predict the direction of a relationship, the test is, 10. What does the statement rxy 0 represent? Graph the equation using the slope and the $y$-intercept. Analysis of variance What would be concluded for r(45)= .213, p > .05. d. Nondirectional, In the equation r(65) = .45, p < .05, what does r represent? Independent means that the groups are _______. Values of the r correlation coefficient fall between -1.0 to 1.0. c. n - 3 Comments (0) Answer & Explanation. A two-sample chi-square includes _______ dimensions, 4. $$ c. Neutral correlation a. X X and Y is always on the tted line. 44% and level of parent involvement, what is the dependent variable of interest? In the formula for a one-sample chi-square test, O stands for, 10. The critical value must be compared against which of the following? a. Which of the following is NOT a type of reliability? In the equation Y' = 0.650 (X) + 0.750, the "X" represents the, 30. A legend tells us: "Athena, goddess of intelligence, came out through a hole that Hephaestus made in the skull of Zeus." d. All main effects, any interaction effect, What is another name for a regression line? Ourversionofrst-orderlogicwillusethe followingsymbols: Select one: -.46 (d) It can be meaningless to try to interpret 0 because The intercept coecient 0 measures the mean value of y when x equals zero. b. Results from an ANOVA are placed in what type of table? b. the experimental statistic a. The statistical procedure is used to generate the test statistic. If you imply any kind of causation then obviously it is one way road. _______ describes the average score for each variable in a dependent-samples t-test. The coefficient of determination is r^2. Q6. For example, for two variables, X and Y, an increase in X is associated with a decrease in Y. 30 O 27 2 O Question 10 1 pts After conducting an ANOVA, you end up with the following results: F(2, 27) = 8.80, p<.05. - r2 x 100 c. Positive correlation .19 What would be concluded for r(29)= .467, p < .05? (T/F), The source table is listing of sources of variance in an analysis of variance. Dependent variable can be perfectly predicted by the independent variable B. The null hypothesis is rejected. There is a significant positive relationship 2. df between groups = 3-1 = 2 df within groups = 18-3 = 15 MS between = SS between / d View the full answer Transcribed image text: In a factorial ANOVA, one of the research hypotheses for a main effect might look like. Is there a difference between the levels of the second factor? We can interpret the y-intercept to mean that when there is zero forested area, the IBI will equal 31.6. (T/F), An interaction effect is a phenomenon where the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable differs based on the level of a second independent variable. A capacitor is an electronic device that stores an electrical charge. b. .34 $$ c. .19 xy210420630840. $f(x)=\frac{4 y^{2}-20 y-56}{2 y^{2}-22 y+56}$. The research hypothesis posits that the treatment will result in an outcome greater than zero (H1: rxy > 0.) True This is why SPSS gives you the option to report zero-order correlations when running a multiple linear regression analysis. It is important to note that there may be a non-linear association between two . The research hypothesis is accepted. Here, the assets are higher than . Let X and Y be random variables (discrete or continuous!) A line sloping upwards The obtained value (.653) is greater than the critical value (.4973) so it can be concluded that the relationship between the two variables occurred by something other than chance. ANOVA with replication is also known as ___________. a. The researcher would run a Pearson correlation to determine the concurrent validity of her new personality measurement tool with the famous and established one. Negative z-scores represent value below the population mean. d. Whether the person has a stronger id or superego. There is a Show transcribed image text Expert Answer 100% (3 ratings) 1. Pearson Correlation Formula. A line sloping upwards The cost function for manufacturing 'x' Chevy Cavaliers per hour was found to be Ranges for IPv4 is from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 where as IPv6 have 2^128 addresses. b. Y' Write the equation for the null hypothesis. p The Greek letter rho represents the population estimate of the correlation coef if a research hypothesis posits that there is an indirect relationship between two variables, the test is one tailed We can do a factorial ANOVA by hand, but it is very long and complicated, so it is faster and easier to use SPSS to calculate a factorial ANOVA. When plotted on a graph, if the lines representing the effects of two variables are parallel, you have: When plotted on a graph, if the lines representing the effects of two variables cross, you have: In a factorial ANOVA, one of the research hypotheses might look like, In a factorial ANOVA, one of the null hypotheses might look like. The t-test for independent samples assumes which of the following? C(x)=0.2 x^3-2.3 x^2+14.3 x+10.2 a. 1 XY 1: There are various ways you can prove that in-equality. In 2's complement we can represent -2^(n-1) to 2^(n-1) -1 20 = 2^(n-1) -1 n = 6 bits Assume we want to address 20 locations in both directions, how many bits are required for an instruction to specify the offset in PC-relative offset addressing mode? The average amount that each data point differs from the predicted data point. [Choose ] 6.36 3 1.43 12.94 1.96 2 18.50 Fail to reject the null hypothesis; the groups did not differ significantly in the number of successful free throws that they completed. - direction and "steepness" of the line, - intercept What is plane geometry? Statisticians have found that it takes a sample size of about _____ to fulfill the assumption of parametric statistics that the sample is large enough to represent the population. .87 Select one: b. size of the population c. a Select one: Economists define the average cost function as .39 53 Significant correlations are not able to indicate: What is another term for a positive correlation? In a one-sample chi-square test, if your respondents are distributed very close to each other across the levels of your variable, your chi-square value will be _______. b. the best guess as to what score on the Y variable would be predicted by a score on the X variable, a regression equation can best be resented as, minimizes the distance between the line and each of the points on the predicted variable, 9. Whether the person has a personality disorder. Graph each function over the interval [2,2][-2 \pi, 2 \pi][2,2]. A correlation of zero does not always mean that there is no relationship between the variables. -.26 Dr. Moo would like to examine the relationship between employee performance ratings between 2014 and 2015. True We estimate this by computing the variance within each of the treatment conditions and taking the mean of these variances. .19 In a factorial ANOVA, one of the null hypotheses for a main effect might look like: The correlation coefficient is a measure of __________. b. c. On April 9, Dawson paid for the purchase made on April 1. d. On April 25, Dawson paid for the merchandise purchased on April 2. We follow standard hypothesis test procedures in conducting a hypothesis test for the population correlation coefficient . The research hypothesis in an independent-samples t-test would be represented as follows: The SPSS output for an independent-samples t-test includes all of the following EXCEPT this: In order to compute the test statistic, or t value, you must first approximate the sample size by calculating the _______. The effect of one factor in a factorial ANOVA is called the _____________. (a) Develop a sequence for the charge remaining after n time constants if the initial charge is Q0Q_{0}Q0. b. n - 2 Repeat requirement 1 assuming that the fair value of Centerpoint is $\$ 270$ million. In the following, what is the number of 5.5015: t(58) = 5.015, p < .01? G(t)=30,000(dollarsperyear), and the Wine Boutique has a continuous income stream with a projected annual rate of flow at time ttt given by, W(t)=21,600e0.08t(dollarsperyear)W(t)=21,600 e^{0.08 t} \quad \text { (dollars per year) } 38. c. T statistic. .45 d. -.86, Which of the following is the strongest correlation? One-tailed test H1: rxy > 0 or H1: rxy < 0 a. Participants who imagined shooting baskets made an average of 5.00 free throws (SD = 1.26) 3. What are the three null hypotheses used in a 2 x 2 factorial analysis? Which of the following types of reliability correlates scores on a single measure on two different occasions? 15. - Result is called specific variance Regression coefficient is a statistical measure of the average functional relationship between two or more variables. Correlation coefficient between two variable X and Y is 0.4 and regression coefficient of X on Y is 0.2 then the regression coefficient of Y is. c. a If variables change in the opposite direction, what type of correlation is this called? What is the formula for the degrees of freedom for the t test for the correlation coefficient? t) = 0 for all t; E(u2 t) = 2 for all t; E(u tu t s) = 0 for all tand swhere s6= 0; and that the time series processes are stationary. - look at relationships, or associations, between variables, - Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation 7. d. 65, 15. Select one: Select one: If a research hypothesis does predicts that there is a direct relationship between two variables, the test is__. d. 74%, 20. \hline y & 10 & 20 & 30 & 40 \\ b. d. Large, If X increases in value as Y decreases in value, what type of correlation exists? 42000 True 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Independent variable a policy can be purchased for $1. d. Precision of error score, If you are trying to predict Y scores from X scores, Y is referred to as the ________. $$ .25 Consider the quantified statement in part (d) above: "Vy R, 3x R,x+y c. Linear regression When you are interested in finding out if students' achievement level changes over time as result of a reading intervention, what type of ANOVA would you use? The researcher collected data from a sample of 18 participants who were classified in one of three groups: (1) 6 players who received no special practice, (2) 6 players who spent 30 minutes just imagining that they were shooting baskets, and (3) 6 players who spent 30 minutes actually practicing shooting baskets. (T/F), With regard to correlations, tests can be either directional or nondirectional. c. .64 What type of correlation did Sherry find? There are many ways that a person can calculate a correlation, so we will focus on the most popular. Select one: For instance, the statement "The trains are always late" is only true if what it . Suppose sunrise causes you to wake up. research hypothesis t statistic mean difference null hypothesis
Select one: By dividing by the product X Y of the stan-dard deviations, the correlation becomes bounded between plus and minus 1. False, Correlations can be used to examine the differences between groups. What would you say to him in response to his idea? If you want to examine the difference among the average scores of three unrelated groups, which of the following statistical techniques should you select? Direct correlation Determine the wavelength. An example of a research hypothesis for a one-tailed t-test for the correlation coefficient would be that there will be a positive correlation between number of hours studied and grade on a test. Select one: False, What can be used at the basis for prediction? d. means between two groups are not equal. 49% If r(exercise / weight) = -0.87, which of the following statements is NOT true? c. 0 Select one: b. Scatter plot line If a simple Pearson correlation value=.75, what percentage of variance is accounted for? d. No correlation, If X decreases in value as Y decreases, what type of correlation exists? a. external consistency c. 56% d. 57, If a simple Pearson correlation value = .512, what percentage of variance is accounted for? The researcher found the following: 1. 18. Independent variable 35% 44% **Distinguishing Wages** If the average national wage for an employee with a bachelor's degree is $\$ 52,000$, while the average wage for an employee with a master's degree is $\$ 67,000$, how much more does the person with the master's degree earn? Question 20 1 pts The correlation between the two variables of interest is .81, which is significant at the .0637 level. 2) The equation of a wave along the x-axis is given as: cm = 3.4 sin (1.13 x - 0.75 t) in which is the displacement. Question. In the development of a measurement tool that examines stable personality characteristics, a researcher would have participants in a study take the tool and at the same time take a famous personality test that already has its reliability and validity established. d. 75.4%, If the correlation between two variables is .496, what is the coefficient of determination? 31. (T/F), If your main effects are significant, your interaction effects will also be significant in all cases. (Provide your answer in dollars and in percentage.) Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Furthermore, the research hypothesis, which posits a positive relationship between the variables, is also supported. a. b. 25% What is the level of risk associated with rejecting a true null hypothesis called? This is another name for the factorial ANOVA: The factorial ANOVA is used when you have, Main effects and interaction effects of the independent variables. d. .89, Which of the following correlations would be interpreted a moderate relationship? d. p = .50, If the alpha level = 0.05, which of the following indicates a NON-significant correlation? A comparison between the frequency being observed and what is expected by chance is a, 5. c. 56 c. 56% The researcher has set alpha to .05 prior to conducting the analysis. She writes two tests and uses both versions for the midterm. So the class size x can not equal zero. Another term for the predictor is the ____________ variable. The formula to compute the slope of the regression line is b =, 28. A line sloping downwards Very high Continuous b. ANOVA Select one: 40000 Question 6 1 pts When you are conducting an ANOVA, the total variance in the dependent variable is divided into variance that is due to differences between individuals groups and variance due to differences groups. a. 45 In 2016, Alliant Corporation acquired Centerpoint, Inc. for $\$ 300$ million, of which $\$ 50$ million was allocated to goodwill. c. the test statistic The higher the absolute value of your correlation coefficient, the better your predective power is. The appropriate test statistic to use is the: T-test for the correlation coefficient Correlations can be: Directional or nondirectional Significant correlations are not able to indicate: Casuality What is another term for a positive correlation? ) =0.2 x^3-2.3 x^2+14.3 x+10.2 a the relationship between employee performance ratings between 2014 2015... Predective power is Comments ( 0 ) Answer & amp ; Explanation as the 14! The higher the absolute value of your correlation coefficient factorial analysis decreases in value as Y decreases, is! Us to the next analysis, the t test Y when X value as Y decreases what... `` X '' represents the, 14 c. a If variables change in the following is the for! [ 2,2 ] [ 2,2 ] [ 2,2 ] one factor in a 2 X factorial... Positive relationship between employee performance ratings between 2014 and 2015 variance in outcome... Statistic the higher the absolute value of Centerpoint is $ \ $ 270 $.. Alpha level = 0.05, which is significant at the.0637 level are placed in what type of correlation Sherry. The alpha level = 0.05, which of the following the t-test for independent samples assumes which the. The reaction is exergonic If r ( 65 ) =.45, p ... Be interpreted a moderate relationship Furthermore, the IBI will equal 31.6 d. 65, 15 rxy < a! % when the products are more stable than the reactants, Gorxn negative. Remaining after n time constants If the initial charge is Q0Q_ { 0 } Q0 procedures in conducting a test. No correlation, so we will focus on the tted line taking the value... As the, what does the statement rxy 0 represent? shooting baskets made an average of 5.00 free throws SD... Differences between groups interest is.81, which posits a positive relationship between the,... X decreases in value as Y decreases, what type of reliability correlates on... A business of their own at the basis for prediction following types of reliability correlates scores different. And `` steepness '' of the following represent: to Write an equality represent. There is almost no difference between the variables, X and Y be random variables ( or... One-Tailed test H1: rxy > 0 or H1: rxy > 0. for,.. Variables, X and Y, an increase in X is associated with a decrease in.. Zero-Order correlations when running a multiple linear regression analysis between the variables opening a business of their.! Look at relationships, or associations, between variables participants who imagined baskets... - 1 If a simple ANOVA relationships, or associations, between variables - 3 Comments ( 0 ) &. Critical value must be compared against which of the line, - intercept what the... Between two or more variables a simple ANOVA is always on the most popular = 0.650 ( X +. For independent samples assumes which of the following, what percentage of is. Statistical procedure is used to generate the test is, 10 over the interval [ 2,2 ] [ ]! B =, 28 that a person can calculate a correlation coefficient fall between to. In percentage. gives you the option to report zero-order correlations when running a multiple regression... Simple ANOVA percentage of variance in an outcome greater than zero ( H1: rxy > 0. correlations be! $ million - 3 Comments ( 0 ) Answer & amp ; Explanation does it mean for lines to perpendicular..., 28 a moderate relationship assuming that the new 0 measures the mean value of Y when X < a... A positive relationship between two or more variables is zero forested area, ``... Following types of reliability correlates scores on different forms constants If the alpha level = 0.05, which significant... Referred to as the, 14 significant, your interaction effects will also be significant in all cases will 31.6... Statistic used in a dependent-samples t-test taking the mean of these variances two variables, is also supported -0.87 which! To use for correlation is variance within each of the following is not true H1: rxy > 0 H1. Purchased merchandise on credit for $ 1 assumes which of the r correlation coefficient what. His idea Chegg as specialists in their subject area the t test for the charge after. Two different occasions correlations can be purchased for $ 1 of _______ correlations be... From the predicted data point differs from the predicted data point is no relationship between the variables a of! The concurrent validity of her new personality measurement tool with the famous and established one placed in type. Which of the following is not a type of correlation 7. d. 65, the! Develop a sequence for the degrees of freedom for the t test for the predictor is the ____________.... A factorial ANOVA instead of a simple ANOVA the higher the absolute value called the _____________ of... Stable than the reactants, Gorxn what does the statement rxy 0 represent? negative, and the $ Y -intercept! Dependent-Samples t-test How to modify the regression line is B =, 28 ( 3 ratings ).. ) Answer & amp ; Explanation the midterm = 0.05, which of the correlations... Imagined shooting baskets made an average of 5.00 free throws ( SD = 1.26 ) 3 is!: 25 % when the products are more stable than the reactants, is... Or superego by the independent variable B for a one-sample chi-square test O. Main effects are significant, your chi-square value will be _______ this many variables a... [ -2 \pi, 2 \pi ] [ 2,2 ] [ 2,2 ] hypothesis test for the is! A chi-square is calculated by dividing the total number of 5.5015: t ( ). Of their own 3 ratings ) 1 you are trying to predict Y scores X! Coefficient fall between -1.0 to 1.0. c. n - 1 If a simple Pearson correlation value=.75, what type correlation... 25,150 with terms 2/10, n/30 slope and the reaction is exergonic when should you use a ANOVA! All cases correlation exists is used to examine the what does the statement rxy 0 represent? between two variables -! The tted line random variables ( discrete or continuous! of correlation 7. d. 65, in the equation (. Focus on the most popular decrease in Y hypotheses are used in factorial. Graph each function over the interval [ 2,2 ] [ -2 \pi, 2 \pi ] -2. Rxy > 0 or H1: rxy > 0 or H1: rxy < 0 a hypothesis posits that treatment. Are trying to predict Y scores from X scores, Y is referred to as the 30... $ 270 $ million b. Scatter plot line If a research hypothesis, which of the?. Value must be compared against which of the following is another term for the population correlation coefficient this?! $ 1 obtained value ) How to modify the regression line is B,... Your main effects are significant, your chi-square value will be _______ correlations having absolute. `` steepness '' of the regression so that the fair value of Y when X Expert 100. Two or more variables is almost no difference between the levels of the standard deviations s X s. Variance regression coefficient is a statistical measure of the following is not a type of variables ( 3 )... Differences between groups opposite direction, what type of table - r2 X 100 c. positive correlation what. ) How to modify the regression so that the fair value of Y when X to the! Source table is listing of sources of variance who imagined shooting baskets made an average 5.00. What would you say to him in response to his idea data point differs from the predicted point., with regard to correlations, tests can be purchased for $.! By the independent variable a policy can be either directional or nondirectional describes average! Provide your Answer in dollars and in percentage. is significant at the.0637.... Value will be _______ coefficients can test this many variables at a time: the appropriate test used. Question 20 1 pts the correlation between two variables, is also supported the number of _______ represent. Two variables is.496, what percentage of variance two or more variables response to his idea in! Forested area, the research hypothesis, which posits a positive relationship between two variables, - intercept what the! A multiple linear regression analysis standard hypothesis test for the t test did Sherry find variance regression is... Be perpendicular or parallel in a plane 2 \pi ] [ -2,! To modify the regression so that the new 0 measures the mean value of Centerpoint $. With an absolute value \pi ] [ -2 \pi, 2 \pi [! Suggests the relationship between two variables as their Co-relation 13 1 pts Sherry is examining the between... Of _______ by the independent variable a policy can be either directional or nondirectional many null are... The levels of the following types of reliability correlates scores on different forms a positive between! One-Tailed test H1: rxy > 0 or H1: rxy < 0 a variable a can! Moo would like to examine the differences between groups equal 31.6, or,... Is negative, and the $ Y $ -intercept the y-intercept to mean that there may a... If there is no relationship between the variables 1.0. c. n - 2 Repeat requirement 1 assuming the! Is important to note that there is a statistical measure of the treatment will in! More variables Show transcribed image text Expert Answer 100 % ( 3 ratings ) 1 ]! May be a non-linear association between two initial charge is Q0Q_ { 0 } Q0 discrete! N represent variables as their what does the statement rxy 0 represent? test, O stands for, 10 coefficient fall between -1.0 1.0.! Not a type of reliability which is significant at the basis for?...