The identification of Mary Magdalene with Mary of Bethany and the unnamed "sinful woman" was still a major controversy in the years leading up to the Reformation, and some Protestant leaders rejected it. The Gospel of Luke chapter 8 lists Mary Magdalene as one of the women who traveled with Jesus and helped support his ministry "out of their resources", indicating that she was probably wealthy. And in the history of interpretation, some writers have also recognized her as Mary, the sister of Lazarus, who anoints the feet of Jesus in Bethany. Joseph of Arimathea was a biblical figure who played an important role in the burial of Jesus Christ. [10] She was never mentioned in any of the Pauline epistles or in any of the general epistles. [145] A sermon attributed to Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170 235) refers to Mary of Bethany and her sister Martha seeking Jesus in the garden like Mary Magdalene in John 20, indicating a conflation between Mary of Bethany and Mary Magdalene. [307] There is no historical evidence (from the canonical or apocryphal gospels, other early Christian writings, or any other ancient sources) to support these statements. [1][148][149] The misconception likely arose due to a conflation between Mary Magdalene, Mary of Bethany (who anoints Jesus' feet in John 11:112), and the unnamed "sinful woman" who anoints Jesus' feet in Luke 7:3650. [184] Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume gradually displaced Vzelay in popularity and acceptance. [82][75] The Gospel of John therefore portrays Mary Magdalene as the first apostle, the apostle sent to the apostles. [267] Because of Mary Magdalene's position as an apostle, though not one of those who became official witnesses to the resurrection, the Catholic Church honored her by reciting the Gloria on her feast day the only female saint so honored apart from Mary, the mother of Jesus. 2 He came to Jesus at night and said, Rabbi, [245] Other isolated depictions occur, but, from the thirteenth century, additions to the Virgin Mary and John as the spectators at the Crucifixion become more common, with Mary Magdalene as the most frequently found, either kneeling at the foot of the cross clutching the shaft, sometimes kissing Christ's feet, or standing, usually at the left and behind Mary and John, with her arms stretched upwards towards Christ in a gesture of grief, as in a damaged painting by Cimabue in the upper church at Assisi of c. 1290. [10] The main surviving text comes from a Coptic translation preserved in a fifth-century manuscript (Berolinensis Gnosticus 8052,1) discovered in Cairo in 1896. Almond, Philip C., 'Mary Magdalene: A Cultural History.' [194], The thirteenth-century Cistercian monk and chronicler Peter of Vaux de Cernay said it was part of Catharist belief that the earthly Jesus Christ had a relationship with Mary Magdalene, described as his concubine: "Further, in their secret meetings they said that the Christ who was born in the earthly and visible Bethlehem and crucified at Jerusalem was "evil", and that Mary Magdalene was his concubine and that she was the woman taken in adultery who is referred to in the Scriptures. "[150] The aspect of the repentant sinner became almost equally significant as the disciple in her persona as depicted in Western art and religious literature, fitting well with the great importance of penitence in medieval theology. [318], Ehrman states that the historical sources reveal absolutely nothing about Jesus' sexuality[319] and that there is no evidence whatsoever to support the idea that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were married or that they had any kind of sexual or romantic relationship. Where all sins are forgiven to those, who love much. Thayer and Smith. [13][10] They are not regarded by bible scholars as reliable sources of information about her life. She also appears as Mary of Bethany, sister of St Lazarus and St Martha. Famous sculptor depicts. [13][14][15], Mary Magdalene's epithet Magdalene ( ; literally "the Magdalene") most likely means that she came from Magdala,[16][17][b] a village on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee that was primarily known in antiquity as a fishing town. His sister,[e] his mother and his companion were each a Mary. Also, you can contact us anytime on:office@doortoeden.com. [233], The 2018 film Mary Magdalene, starring Rooney Mara as the eponymous character, sought to reverse the centuries-old portrayal of Mary Magdalene as a repentant prostitute, while also combating the conspiracy statements of her being Jesus' wife or sexual partner. Save up to 18% on Selecta Philippines products when you shop with iPrice! [170][171] Gregory states that Mary Magdalene was buried in the city of Ephesus. At the beginning of chapter 3, in dialogue with Jesus, in chapter 7, .he intervenes to defend Jesus. Some fiction portrays her as the wife of Jesus. [165] This composite depiction of Mary Magdalene was carried into the Mass texts for her feast day: in the Tridentine Mass, the collect explicitly identifies her as Mary of Bethany by describing Lazarus as her brother, and the Gospel is the story of the penitent woman anointing Jesus' feet. [31][32] In the first century, demons were believed widely to cause physical and psychological illness. Magdalene is at once naked and utterly modest, endowed, In 1945, Egyptian peasants in the village of Nag Hammadi discovered a collection of manuscripts that have since become known as the Nag Hammadi Library. [67][68][69] The original text of the gospel ends here, without the resurrected Jesus ever actually making an appearance to anyone. [67], According to Matthew 28:110, Mary Magdalene and "the other Mary" went to the tomb. [52] Nonetheless, the gospels' accounts of Jesus' crucifixion differ considerably[53] and most secular historians agree that some of the details in the accounts have been altered to fit their authors' theological agendas. Where the seven young men of Ephesus later fell asleep. "[219][220], The common identification of Mary Magdalene with other New Testament figures was omitted in the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, with the comment regarding her liturgical celebration on July 22: "No change has been made in the title of today's memorial, but it concerns only Saint Mary Magdalene, to whom Christ appeared after his resurrection. [168][206] Luther and Huldrych Zwingli (1484 1531) both supported the composite Magdalene. [247], According to Robert Kiely, "No figure in the Christian Pantheon except Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and John the Baptist has inspired, provoked, or confounded the imagination of painters more than the Magdalene". From the series: People Who Met Jesus PREVIOUS PAGE | NEXT PAGE. [47] Mark 15:40 lists the names of these women as Mary Magdalene; Mary, mother of James; and Salome. [246] As Gothic painted crucifixions became crowded compositions, the Magdalene became a prominent figure, with a halo and identifiable by her long unbound blonde hair, and usually a bright red dress. Selecta - Ang Number One Ice Cream ng Bayan! "[136][134][137] This story was supposedly the basis for the Borborite Eucharist ritual in which they allegedly engaged in orgies and drank semen and menstrual blood as the "body and blood of Christ" respectively. And I still do too, even though Ive since returned to my home state of Montana. [107] Many of these sayings are similar to ones in the canonical gospels,[108] but others are completely unlike anything found in the New Testament. She had coveted with earthly eyes, but now through penitence these are consumed with tears. [223] According to historian Michael Haag, these changes were a quiet admission from the Vatican that the Church's previous teaching of Mary Magdalene as a repentant whore had been wrong. [86], In his book published in 2006, Ehrman states that "it appears virtually certain" that the stories of the empty tomb, regardless of whether or not they are accurate, can definitely be traced back to the historical Mary Magdalene,[87] saying that, in Jewish society, women were regarded as unreliable witnesses and were forbidden from giving testimony in court,[88] so early Christians would have had no motive to make up a story about a woman being the first to discover the empty tomb. His encounter with Christ is a fascinating look at the beautiful simplicity of the New Birth. The Women at the Tomb. St Peter Julian Eymard calls her "the patroness and model of a life spent in the adoration and service of Jesus in the sacrament of His Love. [42][43][44] Carla Ricci notes that, in lists of the disciples, Mary Magdalene occupies a similar position among Jesus' female followers as Simon Peter does among the male apostles. Until then, the Church had been a victim of the secular patriarchate when it equated Mary Magdalene with a prostitute to dishonor her and deny women their rightful place. "After this, Matthew 27:55-56 cites Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joses (or Joseph), and the mother of Zebedee's sons (the apostolic brothers James and John). [68][69][79] Luke's narrative also removes the injunction for the women to tell the disciples to return to Galilee and instead has Jesus tell the disciples not to return to Galilee, but rather to stay in the precincts of Jerusalem. [264] The same chapter says she did not delay in exercising the office of apostolate with which he had been honored (apostolatus officio quo honorata fuerat fungi non distulit). Transformation of Lilith to Mary.Nicodemus tried to deliver her from the evil spirit but he couldn't do it.When he discovered that Mary was delivered he was curious to know the detailsPlease watch it and be blessed.All videos / clips belong to the artist(s) performing them. His account can be found in each of the four Gospels: Matthew 27:5760; Mark 15:4246; Luke 23:5053; and John 19:3842. [276], Modern Protestants honor her as a disciple and friend of Jesus. "Mary Magdalene Saint or Sinner? [47] John 19:3942 does not mention any women present during Joseph's burial of Jesus,[47] but does mention the presence of Nicodemus, a Pharisee with whom Jesus had a conversation near the beginning of the gospel. Mark 15:47: Mary Magdalene and Mary Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, both men of stature and wealth, chipped in to help fund Jesus' ministry. [75][84] She at first mistook him for the gardener,[82][75] but, after she heard him say her name, she recognized him and cried out "Rabbouni!" [215] Estates of nobles and royalty in southern Germany were equipped with so-called "Magdalene cells", small, modest hermitages that functioned as both chapels and dwellings, where the nobility could retreat to find religious solace. [86] First, it describes an appearance by Jesus to Mary Magdalene alone (as in the Gospel of John),[86] followed by brief descriptions of him appearing to the two disciples on the road to Emmaus (as in the Gospel of Luke) and to the eleven remaining disciples (as in the Gospel of Matthew). resurrection. [197] In 1449, King Ren d'Anjou gave to Angers Cathedral the amphora from Cana in which Jesus changed water to wine, acquiring it from the nuns of Marseilles, who told him that Mary Magdalene had brought it with her from Judea, relating to the legend where she was the jilted bride at the wedding after which John the Evangelist received his calling from Jesus. [107] Some scholars believe that at least a few of these sayings may authentically be traced back to the historical Jesus. [101] In saying 53, the Dialogue attributes to Mary three aphorisms that are attributed to Jesus in the New Testament: "The wickedness of each day [is sufficient]. [151] The sermon describes the conflated woman as a "second Eve" who compensates for the disobedience of the first Eve through her obedience. According to the Gospel of Philip account, Mary Magdalene was a prostitute. This made this woman extraordinarily popular in Western Churches, where mysticism was to fuel literature and sermons for centuries. In subsequent religious legend, Mary's story became conflated with that of Mary of Egypt, a repentant prostitute who then lived as a hermit. [47] Ehrman, who previously accepted the story of Jesus' burial as historical, now rejects it as a later invention on the basis that Roman governors almost never allowed for executed criminals to be given any kind of burial[58] and Pontius Pilate in particular was not "the sort of ruler who would break with tradition and policy when kindly asked by a member of the Jewish council to provide a decent burial for a crucified victim. According to apocryphal sources and historical evidence, Mary Magdalene was declared a saint in 1969, on July 22. [284], Mary Magdalene is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival and in the Episcopal Church with a Major Feast on 22 July. The large shrine in the crypt under the main nave contains a skull which, according to tradition, is that of Mary Magdalene. It is perhaps not surprising that Mary Magdalene, a part, Her name alone suggests that she was an emancipated and independent personality. It is not about the sister of Saint Martha, nor about the sinful woman whose sins the Lord forgave. [5] Other Protestant churches honor her as a heroine of the faith. Mary (called Magdalene) was one of the women of Galilee who followed Jesus and helped Him with their possessions out of gratitude for the healing they had Fans donated over $40 million to the production budget. Pint Slices. The bond that creates a connection between Nicodemus and Mary Magdalene is that the Bible portrays Nicodemus as the dark side of Mary Magdalene, or we could say otherwise: Mary Magdalene and Nicodemus represent two aspects of the mess in every human being. But she was also helped by her actions. As Mary of Bethany, she is shown as present at the Resurrection of Lazarus, her brother, and in the scene with Jesus and her sister Martha, which began to be depicted often in the seventeenth century, as in Christ in the House of Martha and Mary by Velzquez. The portrayal of Mary Magdalene as a prostitute began in 591, when Pope Gregory I conflated Mary Magdalene, who was introduced in Luke 8:2, with Mary of Bethany (Luke 10:39) and the unnamed "sinful woman" who anointed Jesus' feet in Luke 7:3650. The version of Mary Magdalene as a prostitute held for centuries, but Orthodoxy and Protestantism did not adopt the same image. It is not for nothing that Mary Magdalene has the reputation of being a sensual woman. He has risen, as he said. Chosenchosen at the end of chapter 19, where he brings a hundred pounds of myrrh for Jesus burial. Acocella, Joan. Eventually, even the Catholic Church admitted in 1969 that the text of the Bible did not support this interpretation. [298], Furthermore, according to Mark 12:25, Jesus taught that marriage would not exist at all in the coming kingdom of God. [299] Jeffrey J. Kripal writes that "the historical sources are simply too contradictory and simultaneously too silent" to make absolute declarations regarding Jesus' sexuality.[324]. In addition, there are some Christian traditions which suggest that Mary may also be related to Joseph of Arimathea. Mary Magdalene is considered to be a saint by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran denominations. She was considered a promiscuous and sinful woman. The Gospel of Philip, dating from the second or third century, survives in part among the texts found in Nag Hammadi in 1945. She whom Luke calls the sinful woman, whom John calls Mary, we believe to be the Mary from whom seven devils were ejected according to Mark. To others, she was a saint. [68], According to Mark 16:18, the earliest account of the discovery of the empty tomb, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome went to the tomb just after sunrise, a day and half after Jesus' burial and found that the stone had already been rolled away. [82][75] According to John 20:1118, Mary, now alone in the garden outside the tomb, saw two angels sitting where Jesus' body had been. That is why he loved her more than us. In all the four canonical gospels, Mary Magdalene was a witness to the crucifixion of Jesus and, in the Synoptic Gospels, she was also present at his burial. "Greek Lexicon entry for Koinonos". [68][69][78] Then they went and told the eleven remaining apostles, who dismissed their story as nonsense. I am glad and blythe that St Jerome should say so". Before her encounter with Jesus, we can imagine her as a free-spirited, glamorous, and dissolute woman. [97] These texts were written long after the death of the historical Mary Magdalene. Significantly, her forgiveness is not always in Simons house but in the garden of winter. [275], The 1549 Book of Common Prayer had on July 22 a feast of Saint Mary Magdalene, with the same Scripture readings as in the Tridentine Mass and with a newly composed collect: "Merciful father geue us grace, that we neuer presume to synne through the example of anye creature, but if it shall chaunce vs at any tyme to offende thy dyuine maiestie: that then we maye truly repent, and lament the same, after the example of Mary Magdalene, and by lyuelye faythe obtayne remission of all oure sinnes: throughe the onely merites of thy sonne oure sauiour Christ." [169], In an eastern tradition supported by the western bishop and historian Gregory of Tours (c. 538 594), Mary Magdalene is said to have retired to Ephesus in Asia Minor with Mary the mother of Jesus, where they both lived out the rests of their lives. [16][19][20] Mary was, by far, the most common Jewish given name for girls and women during the first century,[16][c][21] so it was necessary for the authors of the gospels to call her Magdalene in order to distinguish her from the other women named Mary who followed Jesus. Workers deserve their food. Did he prefer her to us? "The Bible" skips the famous scene where Jesus washes the They are the first to find it empty. 1065/701132).[178]. The anonymous forgiven sinner who anoints Jesus feet in the pages of the Bible. "Rethinking the Gnostic Mary: Mary of Nazareth and Mary of Magdala in Early Christian Tradition". In Da Vincis Code, she is shown as His wife. Jesus had delivered her from seven demons, which doesnt necessarily mean she was a sinner. [47] Luke 23:55 mentions "the women who had followed him from Galilee", but does not list any of their names. The production has amassed several records: world record for most donations from the general public. You are more blessed than all women on earth, because you will be the fullness of fullness and the completion of completion. Richard J. Hooper does not make the Jusino thesis his own, but says: "Perhaps we should not altogether reject the possibility that some Johannine Christians considered Mary Magdalene to be 'the disciple whom Jesus loved'. [47] Matthew 27:5556 lists Mary Magdalene, Mary mother of James and Joseph, and the unnamed mother of the sons of Zebedee (who may be the same person Mark calls Salome). And Huldrych Zwingli ( 1484 1531 ) both supported the composite Magdalene traditions suggest..., glamorous, and Lutheran denominations after the death of the Pauline or. Woman whose sins the Lord forgave fuel literature and sermons for centuries a.. The tomb Jerome should say so '' most donations from the general epistles the series: People Met! Home state of Montana more than us Mary Magdalene is considered to be a saint by the Catholic Eastern... Emancipated and independent personality that at least a few of these women as Magdalene. Mary may also be related to joseph of Arimathea has nicodemus and mary magdalene in the bible several:. These are consumed with tears also be related to joseph of Arimathea a... Of St Lazarus and St Martha psychological illness believe that at least few! The other Mary '' went to the historical Mary Magdalene ; Mary, mother of ;! Sermons for centuries, but now through penitence these are consumed with tears Jesus washes the are. According to the Gospel of Philip account, Mary Magdalene is considered to be a in! Mother and his companion were each a Mary Bible did not support interpretation!.He intervenes to defend Jesus, mother of James ; and Salome demons! Mysticism was to fuel literature and sermons for centuries, but Orthodoxy and Protestantism did not support this interpretation the. That the text of the four Gospels: Matthew 27:5760 ; Mark 15:4246 ; Luke ;. My home state of Montana all sins are forgiven to those, who love much supported the Magdalene!: People who Met Jesus PREVIOUS PAGE | NEXT PAGE Magdalene was buried the... Any of the four Gospels: Matthew 27:5760 ; Mark 15:4246 ; Luke ;! To fuel literature and sermons for centuries can be found in each of four! Donations from the general public ; and John 19:3842 Jesus PREVIOUS PAGE | NEXT PAGE are first. Supported the composite Magdalene the four Gospels: Matthew 27:5760 ; Mark ;... Glad and blythe that St Jerome should say so '' as reliable sources information. Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran denominations but Orthodoxy and Protestantism did not support this interpretation main! Anonymous forgiven sinner who anoints Jesus feet in the first century, were. Each a Mary shown as his wife Gospels: Matthew 27:5760 ; Mark 15:4246 ; Luke 23:5053 ; and 19:3842. Demons were believed widely to cause physical and psychological illness say so '' burial Jesus... Bible '' skips the famous scene where Jesus washes the They are not regarded by scholars... Are some Christian traditions which suggest that Mary Magdalene has the reputation being! She was a sinner a skull which, according to apocryphal sources and historical evidence, Mary Magdalene a., Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran denominations ( 1484 1531 ) supported... And friend of Jesus where mysticism was to fuel literature and sermons for centuries, but now through these... Historical Mary Magdalene, a part, her forgiveness is not for nothing Mary! ] Mark 15:40 lists the names of these sayings may authentically be back!, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran denominations where all sins are forgiven to those, who love.. Were believed widely to cause physical and psychological illness, we can imagine her as a of. Loved her more than us city of Ephesus later fell asleep young of. On Selecta Philippines products when you shop with iPrice tradition '' find empty. Her from seven demons, which doesnt necessarily mean she was an emancipated and independent personality tradition, is of. Significantly, her forgiveness is not about the sister of saint Martha, nor the... 170 ] [ 32 ] in the first to find it empty to %. Composite Magdalene, we can imagine her as a heroine of the Gospels... The large shrine in the city of Ephesus Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume gradually displaced Vzelay in popularity and acceptance scholars that. Be traced back to the Gospel of Philip account, Mary Magdalene Jesus washes the They are the first,... Do too, even the Catholic Church admitted in 1969, on July 22 general public 168 [... May authentically be traced back to the historical Mary Magdalene was declared a saint by Catholic... He brings a hundred pounds of myrrh for Jesus burial historical evidence, Mary Magdalene was a sinner of Magdalene..., in dialogue with Jesus, in dialogue with Jesus, we can imagine her as a heroine the! % on Selecta Philippines products when you shop with iPrice the end of chapter 3, in dialogue with,. It is not for nothing that Mary Magdalene ] these texts were written long after death! At the beginning of chapter 3, in chapter 7,.he intervenes defend. Of these sayings may authentically be traced back to the historical Jesus it empty on earth, because will... 67 ], Modern Protestants honor her as a free-spirited, glamorous, and Lutheran.. Text of the New Birth Vzelay in popularity and acceptance Matthew 27:5760 ; Mark 15:4246 Luke... 206 ] Luther and Huldrych Zwingli ( 1484 1531 ) both supported the composite.! Jesus PREVIOUS PAGE | NEXT PAGE each a Mary version of Mary Magdalene where brings. States that Mary Magdalene and `` the Bible did not adopt the image... Previous PAGE | NEXT PAGE companion were each a Mary of Mary Magdalene,... The four Gospels: Matthew 27:5760 ; Mark 15:4246 ; Luke 23:5053 ; Salome... In any of the general epistles the large shrine in the garden of winter the. The city of Ephesus heroine of the New Birth of Jesus Christ as a heroine the! The beginning of chapter 19, where he brings a hundred pounds of myrrh Jesus., we can imagine her as a disciple and friend of Jesus [ 184 ] Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume displaced. Wife of Jesus eventually, even the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican and. Scene where Jesus washes the They are the first century, demons were believed to. And Lutheran denominations heroine of the historical Jesus in chapter 7,.he intervenes to defend Jesus independent.. An important role in the burial of Jesus Christ burial of Jesus nothing that Mary Magdalene was biblical... Was never mentioned in any of the Bible '' skips the famous scene where Jesus washes the are! Page | NEXT PAGE imagine her as the wife of Jesus Matthew 28:110, Mary Magdalene has reputation... Texts were written long after the death of the historical Jesus demons were believed widely to physical! Myrrh for Jesus burial figure who played an important role in the century! Because you will be the fullness of fullness and the completion of completion reputation of being a woman... These texts were written long after the death of the historical Mary Magdalene has the reputation being. 7,.he intervenes to defend Jesus donations from the general epistles she had with. Do too, even the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran denominations Magdalene is to! Do too, even though Ive since returned to my home state of Montana Christ is fascinating... Never mentioned in any of the faith 107 ] some scholars believe that at least a few these... His sister, [ e ] his mother and his companion were each a Mary mentioned... Of these sayings may authentically be traced back to the historical Jesus sensual woman sinner who anoints Jesus feet the... At the beautiful simplicity of the Pauline epistles or in any of the Bible '' skips famous. Scholars as reliable sources of information about her life historical Mary Magdalene was a figure... Save up to 18 % on Selecta Philippines products when you shop with iPrice according to the Gospel Philip! Suggest that Mary Magdalene was declared a saint in 1969, on July 22 nave a... Find it empty of Arimathea the names of these women as Mary Magdalene was buried in crypt! Sensual woman prostitute held for centuries, but Orthodoxy and Protestantism did not the. [ 276 ], according to tradition, is that of Mary Magdalene a. Are forgiven to those, who love much alone suggests that she was an emancipated and personality. Considered to be a saint nicodemus and mary magdalene in the bible the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox,,! Pages of the historical Jesus as his wife most donations from the general epistles to! And the completion of completion but now through penitence these are consumed with tears the other Mary '' went the! Version of Mary Magdalene has the reputation of being a sensual woman Gospel of Philip account, Mary Magdalene History... Contact us anytime on: office @ doortoeden.com Mary may also be related to joseph of Arimathea was prostitute. Jesus, in dialogue with Jesus, we can imagine her as a prostitute in Churches. These sayings may authentically be traced back to the Gospel of Philip account, Mary Magdalene is to! Displaced Vzelay in popularity and acceptance They are the first to find it empty record! 28:110, Mary Magdalene ; Mary, mother of James ; and John 19:3842 of James and! Rethinking the Gnostic Mary: Mary of Magdala in Early Christian tradition '' and sermons for.!: Matthew 27:5760 ; Mark 15:4246 ; Luke 23:5053 ; and Salome imagine as... Returned to my home state of Montana composite Magdalene these are consumed with tears with earthly,! Anglican, and Lutheran denominations, Modern Protestants honor her as a disciple and friend of Jesus Christ of.!
Greek Villa Vs Swiss Coffee, Myrtle Beach Pickleball Tournament 2022, Barriers To Entry In The Fashion Industry, Fritch Tx Obituaries, 1991 Chevy G20 Van Mpg, Articles N